Dolphin Communication

Dolphins ‘Talk’ Like Humans, New Study Suggests

Jeanna Bryner, LiveScience Managing Editor
Date: 07 September 2011 Time: 09:32 AM ET
bottlenose dolphin in the water
New research suggests the whistles of bottlenose dolphins aren’t whistles at all.
CREDIT: © Chris Johnson – earthOCEAN

Dolphins “talk” to each other, using the same process to make their high-pitched sounds as humans, according to a new analysis of results from a 1970s experiment.

The findings mean dolphins don’t actually whistle as has been long thought, but instead rely on vibrations of tissues in their nasal cavities that are analogous to our vocal cords.

Scientists are only now figuring this out, “because it certainly sounds like a whistle,” said study researcher Peter Madsen of the Institute of Bioscience at Aarhus University in Denmark, adding that the term was coined in a paper published in 1949 in the journal Science. “And it has stuck since

The finding clears up a question that has long puzzled scientists: How can dolphins make their signature identifying whistles at the water’s surface and during deep dives where compression causes sound waves to travel faster and would thus change the frequency of those calls.

To answer that question, Madsen and his colleagues analyzed recently digitized recordings of a 12-year-old male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from 1977. At the time, the researchers had the dolphin breathe a mixture of helium and oxygen called heliox. (Used by humans, heliox makes one sound like Donald Duck.)

The heliox was meant to mimic conditions during a deep dive since it causes a shift up in frequency. When breathing air or heliox, the male dolphin, however, continued to make the same whistles, with the same frequency.

Rather than vocal cords, the dolphins likely use tissue vibrations in their nasal cavities to produce their “whistles,” which aren’t true whistles after all. The researchers suggest structures in the nasal cavity, called phonic lips, are responsible for the sound.

The dolphins aren’t actually talking, though.

“It does not mean that they talk like humans, only that they communicate with sound made in the same way,” Madsen told LiveScience.

“Cetean ancestors lived on land some 40 million years ago and made sounds with vocal folds in their larynx,” Madsen said, referring to the group of mammals to which dolphins belong. “They lost that during the adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle, but evolved sound production in the nose that functions like that of vocal folds.”

This vocal ability also likely gives dolphins a broader range of sounds.

to read more, go to:    http://www.livescience.com/15928-dolphins-whistles-talk-humans.html

Another Human-Animal Connection

Humans Hardwired to Respond to Animals

Wynne Parry, Senior LiveScience Writer
Date: 09 September 2011 Time: 08:46 PM ET
Happy Dog Face
A specific part of your brain, your right amygdala, responds more to this animal face than that of another person, a study has found.
CREDIT: Caroline Kjall/stock.xchng

A part of your brain is hardwired to respond to animals, whether cute and fluffy or ugly and threatening, a new study has found.

research team showed pictures of people, landmarks, animals or objects to epilepsy patients, who were already wired up so doctors could watch brain activity related to seizures. The researchers monitored the activity in the patients’ amygdalae, two roughly almond-shaped structures in the brain associated with emotions, fear and the sense of smell.

“Our study shows that neurons in the human amygdala respond preferentially to pictures of animals, meaning that we saw the most amount of activity in cells when the patients looked at cats or snakes versus buildings or people,” said Florian Mormann, lead study researcher and a former postdoctoral scholar at Caltech.

This preference extends to cute as well as ugly or dangerous animals and appears to be independent of the emotional contents of the pictures. Remarkably, we find this response behavior only in the right and not in the left amygdala,” Mormann said.

They found the activity in the right amygdala was not only greater, but neural responses were also faster for the animal pictures. The researchers then found the same response among people not suffering from epilepsy.

Past amygdala research has usually focused on human faces and fear, so it was a surprise to see that neurons in the right amygdala respond more to animals of all kinds than to human faces, according to Ralph Adolphus, a team member and professor at Caltech.

http://www.livescience.com/15996-brain-amygdala-animal-preference.html

Nazca Lines in Mideast

Visible Only From Above, Mystifying ‘Nazca Lines’ Discovered in Mideast

Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor
Date: 14 September 2011 Time: 10:33 AM ET
wheel stone structure in jordan
The giant stone structures form wheel shapes with spokes often radiating inside. Here a cluster of wheels in the Azraq Oasis.
CREDIT: David D. Boyer APAAME_20080925_DDB-0237

They stretch from Syria to Saudi Arabia, can be seen from the air but not the ground, and are virtually unknown to the public.

They are the Middle East’s own version of the Nazca Lines — ancient “geolyphs,” or drawings, that span deserts in southern Peru — and now, thanks to new satellite-mapping technologies, and an aerial photography program in Jordan, researchers are discovering more of them than ever before. They number well into the thousands.

Referred to by archaeologists as “wheels,” these stone structures have a wide variety of designs, with a common one being a circle with spokes radiating inside. Researchers believe that they date back to antiquity, at least 2,000 years ago. They are often found on lava fields and range from 82 feet to 230 feet (25 meters to 70 meters) across.

“In Jordan alone we’ve got stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older,” said David Kennedy, a professor of classics and ancient history at the University of Western Australia.

Kennedy’s new research, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science, reveals that these wheels form part of a variety of stone landscapes. These include kites (stone structures used for funnelling and killing animals); pendants (lines of stone cairns that run from burials); and walls, mysterious structures that meander across the landscape for up to several hundred feet and have no apparent practical use.

His team’s studies are part of a long-term aerial reconnaissance project that is looking at archaeological sites across Jordan. As of now, Kennedy and his colleagues are puzzled as to what the structures may have been used for or what meaning they held.

Chilean Earthquake

Strong earthquake near Valparaiso, Chile – also awakes Santiago de Chile – NO damage or injuries

Last update: September 14, 2011 at 4:36 pm by By 

Earthquake overview : At 4:04 AM Chile local time, a strong moderate earthquake occurred close to Valparaiso, Chile. Strong MMI VI shaking has been experienced near the epicenter.

U

pdate 10:02 UTC after screening our many various sources, we are happy to report that this earthquake made NO damage or did NOT injure people (published 3 hours after the earthquake struck).

Update 08:04 UTC : Our Chile readers are fading away from our screens, which means that most of them went back to their beds after looking into the details of this earthquake. It is 05:04 AM in the Chile night.

Update 08:03 UTC : Some people report 2 weak aftershocks.

for more, go to:    http://earthquake-report.com/2011/09/14/strong-earthquake-near-valparaiso-chile/

Comet Dives Into Sun

UNDIVING COMET: A comet is diving into the sun today. Discovered just yesterday by amateur comet hunters Michal Kusiak of Poland and Sergei Schmalz of Germany, the icy visitor from the outer solar system is expected to brighten to first magnitude before it disintegrates during the late hours of Sept. 14th. Click to view an updated movie of the comet’s death plunge:

The doomed comet appears to be a member of the Kreutz family. Kreutz sungrazers are fragments from the breakup of a single giant comet many centuries ago. They get their name from 19th century German astronomer Heinrich Kreutz, who studied them in detail. Several Kreutz fragments pass by the sun and disintegrate every day. Most, measuring less than a few meters across, are too small to see, but occasionally a big fragment like this one attracts attention.

from:  spaceweather.com

Eritrea Nabro Volcano — Eruption & Seismic Activity

Eritrea Nabro volcano eruption : seismic activity continues below Nabro

Last update: September 14, 2011 at 11:00 am by By 

Nabro is an Eritrean volcano with NO historic eruption record

UPDATE 14/09 – 10:16 UTC :
OGA, the Djibouti Seismological Agency reports renewed seismic activity below the Nabro volcano. Seismic activity does not mean necessarily that the volcano will erupt again (we see nothing unusual – nor visual or infrared).
The picture below shows the tremors which occurred between September 9 and September 11.
3 of the 4 quakes are too deep to be related to an eventual upcoming eruption.
The seismic activity continued now and then since the volcano calmed down several weeks ago.
The magnitude 4.3 struck below the volcano on the 10th of September. 
2011-09-11   18:53:39     3.1     Eritrea – depth 600 meter
2011-09-10   20:05:48     4.3     Eritrea – depth 5.3 km
2011-09-10   06:29:35     2.7     Eritrea – depth 10.72 km
2011-09-09   04:27:38     3.5     Eritrea – depth 8 km
 

 

 

Earthquake—Riverside, California

Moderate earthquake near Riverside, California, USA – NO damage or injuries

Last update: September 14, 2011 at 4:24 pm by By 

Earthquake overview :  At 7:44 a moderate shallow earthquake struck 8 km from Yucaipa and 109 km from LA downtown.

FINAL update 16:22 UTC : After screening our many sources (all Fire Department brigades and some supermarkets in the epicenter area), we are happy to report that this earthquake made NO damage, injuries or casualties

to read more, and for up dates, go to:   http://earthquake-report.com/2011/09/14/moderate-earthquake-in-greater-los-angeles-california-usa/

Earthquake Under Mt. Rainier

Weak earthquake right below Mount Rainier volcano, Washington, USA

Last update: September 13, 2011 at 7:09 pm by By 

On September 13, 2011 at 09:29:28 AM a weak tremor of 2.6 magnitude occurred below the crater of Mt Rainier, the Washington volcano.

This does not mean at all that the volcano will erupt, but this tremor below the crater is one of the strongest since many months. Activity is centered below sea level below the crater (+5,000 meter below the summit

Update : the magnitude and depth has been changed by USGS to 2.4 @ a depth of 1 km (0.6 miles)

Todays tremor is by far the biggest since many months.

Typically, up to five earthquakes are recorded monthly near the summit. Swarms of five to ten shallow earthquakes over two or three days take place from time to time, predominantly in the region of 4 km below the summit (near sea level), and are thought to be caused by the circulation of hot fluids beneath Mount Rainier.

Seismic swarms (not initiated with a mainshock) are common features at volcanoes, and are rarely associated with eruptive activity.

to read more, go to:    http://earthquake-report.com/2011/09/13/weak-earthquake-right-below-mount-rainier-volcano-washington-usa/

Emotional Effects of Red

Why The Color Red Makes Us Mad

Posted: 9/13/11 08:48 AM ET

When you think of red, you probably formulate strong mental images such as a ripe apple, a New England barn, the stripes on an American flag or even Dorothy’s shoes. And now, according to a recent study, red is quantified with increased physical response and velocity of that response in pinch and grip test subjects.

When presented color stimuli for response time (velocity) and force of that response, subjects reacted with higher values on these two parameters for, you guessed it, red. So, do the bullfighter’s cape and the business executive’s power tie work to the same end? Or did the color of the apple seduce Eve?

Red is the beauty of sunsets, the color of love and the life force that flows through our body — blood. We “see red” when upset. And now, as recently demonstrated, we physically react stronger and faster when we see it. But, have we not subconsciously realized this all along?

Tie in the anthropological significance of red in various settings and its myriad evocations, connect those to emotion — which some say triggers its physical response — and the evidence seems irrefutable. Red is the sports car, by urban legend, most frequently stopped by police. And red is the color of the emergency lights of an ambulance or the flashers on your car.

So, why do we increase our velocity and power of reaction when in view of red? Perhaps it is good thing, a neurological trigger that brings us to a quick halt at every traffic light or stop sign. Drivers passing through the green the world over are happy to hear of this confirmation about their fellow travelers coming to a stop. Red, indeed, seems to help us quickly apply the brakes, as the study shows. Thank goodness for red.

to read more, go to:   http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/13/effect-of-color-red_n_959189.html?1315918092

Science & Spirituality

Steven and Michael Meloan

Authors of ‘The Shroud’

 Science and Spirituality Can Transform Our World .. Together

For hundreds of years, science has illuminated the mysteries of our universe, allowing us to conquer diseases, manipulate genomes, visit other planets and explore the wonders of space and time. But as a result of these profound and inarguable successes, science has also become the de facto cultural filter through which our broader societal norms, behaviors and institutions have developed and evolved. Newtonian physics established a physical reality composed of discrete and separate objects, operating according to predictable laws of time and space — the universe as a giant billiard table. And Darwinian evolution established the biological world as a tooth-and-claw realm of scarcity, competition and “survival of the fittest.” The end conclusions of this centuries-old scientific story is that we are accidents of the cosmos, living on a lonely planet in the cold depths of space, vying for limited resources in a frequently violent and tumultuous competition for supremacy. The implicit notion that we are walking husks for “selfish genes” pervades everything, from our economic and business institutions to our day-to-day interactions.

But an increasing number of scientific, philosophical and spiritual thinkers are arriving at the conclusion that this mechanistic take on the human story is fundamentally incomplete. Darwinian narratives of “survival of the fittest,” and mechanistic Newtonian physics are increasingly being seen as elements of a far greater and richer tapestry. Quantum entanglement, or Einstein’s “spooky action at a distance,” demonstrates that our universe is interconnected in ways we might never have imagined, down to the most basic particle level. And the discovery of “mirror neurons”in humans and other primates demonstrates that simply seeing something happen to another creature lights up the same neurons as if it were happening to us. In a very real sense, we don’t entirely distinguish between “the self” and others. And this is particularly true when witnessing suffering. Compassion and empathy seem to be hard-wired into us.

While inter-species and intra-species competition is an inarguable biological fact, we are discovering compelling new examples of connection, cooperation and community. In reality, we may have even misinterpreted Darwin. In his “The Descent of Man,”published in 1871, Darwin only mentions the phrase “survival of the fittest” twice, while he mentions the word “love” 95 times. Dig beneath the surface of the natural world, and a tooth-and-claw narrative is clearly not the only one to be found. Bonobo apes, with which humans share more than 98 percent of their DNA, live in highly cooperative societies based on matriarchal structures. These and other recent scientific discoveries may prove pivotal in creating newer and more accurate cultural narratives. The Human Genome Project has revealed amazing commonalities among all living organisms, and the project has also found that there is greater genetic variability within a given race than between them. In short, in spite of superficial appearances, we are far more alike, at a fundamental genetic level, than we are different.

Even so, we retain hard-wiring from a primitive past that was directed toward survival-based judgments and assessments of others. Studies find that this programming leaves us constantly primed to gauge others as “in-group” or “out-group,” based upon such criteria as race, gender, age and perceived cultural and socio-economic status — and that such analyses occur within milliseconds. This tribalism can be surprisingly fluid and dynamic. In one study, teen boys were exposed to the art of either Kandinsky or Klee. Even though the boys were previously unfamiliar with either and had been randomly assigned to view the works of only one artist, the Kandinsky “gang” quickly showed a greater willingness to loan money to other Kandinsky in-group members. And the same proved true of the experimental Klee “gang.”

Because such tribal-bonding is so dynamic and shifting, however, it is also highly malleable. Once recognized and understood, this hard-wiring can be consciously subverted. A measurable aversion to the image of a homeless person or drug addict can be rapidly transformed by an assignment to participate in a soup kitchen and choose appropriate menu items for people in need. In this way, out-group members almost instantaneously become fellow in-group members as part of a joint undertaking. The key to such subversion of tribalistic tendencies is that cross-group members must share a larger common goal, and have the support of recognized authority figures.

While competition and tribalistic bonding are inarguable aspects of our world, science increasingly makes clear that this is only one part of an expanding conceptual landscape. Our entire universe is profoundly interconnected, in ways that we are only beginning to decipher. This is true at the elementary particle level, at the genetic level, at the organism level and at a global level via the Internet. Ultimately, the same scientific milieu that helped form our current conflict-ridden cultural narratives may now be instrumental in defining not only a more productive world view, but a more accurate one.

Steven and Michael Meloan are authors of “The Shroud,” a science-adventure novel exploring the spiritual impulse, tribalism and its manifestations in human behavior, and the intersection between science and spirituality:

from:   http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-and-michael-meloan/human-narrative-_b_955039.html